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PURPOSE: Residency programs must ensure resident competence for independent practice. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare delivery, impacting pediatric residencies. This study examines the impact on pediatric resident education. METHODS: The authors conducted a mixed methods national survey of pediatric residency program directors (PDs) from May- July 2020. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, χ2, Wilcox rank sum tests. Multivariable modeling identified factors associated with resident preparation for more senior roles. Thematic analysis was performed on open-ended questions about PD COVID-19 pandemic recommendations to peers, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and American Board of Pediatrics. RESULTS: Response rate was 55% (110/199). PDs reported the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected inpatient (n= 86, 78.2%), and outpatient education (n=104, 94.5%), procedural competence (n=64; 58.2%), and resident preparation for more senior roles (n= 50, 45.5%). In bivariate analyses, increasingly negative impacts on inpatient and outpatient education were associated with an increasingly negative impact on resident preparation for more senior roles (p=0.03, p=0.008), these relationships held true in multivariable analysis. Qualitative analysis identified 4 themes from PD recommendations: 1) Clear communication from governing bodies and other leaders; 2) Flexibility within programs and from governing bodies; 3) Clinical exposure is key for competency development; 4) Online platforms are important for education, communication, and support. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted inpatient and outpatient education. When these were more negatively impacted, resident preparation for more senior roles was worse. Highlighting the importance of competency based medical education to tailor experiences ensuring each resident is competent for independent practice. WHAT'S NEW: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted inpatient and outpatient clinical education which negatively impacted resident preparation for more senior roles. This highlights the importance of competency based medical education to ensure each graduating resident is competent for independent practice.
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OBJECTIVES: To determine the association of prior use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs) with mortality and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Multicenter, international COVID-19 registry. SUBJECTS: Adult hospitalized COVID-19 patients on antihypertensive agents (AHAs) prior to admission, admitted from March 31, 2020, to March 10, 2021. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were compared between three groups: patients on RAASIs only, other AHAs only, and those on both medications. Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were performed after controlling for prehospitalization characteristics to estimate the effect of RAASIs on mortality and other outcomes during hospitalization. Of 26,652 patients, 7,975 patients were on AHAs prior to hospitalization. Of these, 1,542 patients (19.3%) were on RAASIs only, 3,765 patients (47.2%) were on other AHAs only, and 2,668 (33.5%) patients were on both medications. Compared with those taking other AHAs only, patients on RAASIs only were younger (mean age 63.3 vs 66.9 yr; p < 0.0001), more often male (58.2% vs 52.4%; p = 0.0001) and more often White (55.1% vs 47.2%; p < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, gender, race, location, and comorbidities, patients on combination of RAASIs and other AHAs had higher in-hospital mortality than those on RAASIs only (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; 95% CI [1.19-1.38]; p < 0.0001) and higher mortality than those on other AHAs only (OR = 1.09; 95% CI [1.03-1.15]; p = 0.0017). Patients on RAASIs only had lower mortality than those on other AHAs only (OR = 0.87; 95% CI [0.81-0.94]; p = 0.0003). Patients on ACEIs only had higher mortality compared with those on ARBs only (OR = 1.37; 95% CI [1.20-1.56]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 who were taking AHAs, prior use of a combination of RAASIs and other AHAs was associated with higher in-hospital mortality than the use of RAASIs alone. When compared with ARBs, ACEIs were associated with significantly higher mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.